Single-Exception Groups

These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.

1: odd (number)

Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj

Middle Chinese: kje

2: strange

Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj

Middle Chinese: gje

359
さい*
cape (geography)
360
strange
奇跡
好奇心
きせき
こうきしん
(n) miracle/wonder/marvel/(P)
(n) curiosity/inquisitiveness/(P)
361
よ-せる、よ-る
approach
寄付
寄稿
きふ
きこう
(n,vs) contribution/donation/(P)
(n,vs) contribution (e.g. to newspaper)
362
さき
promontory
崎陽
崎崖
きよう
きがい
(n) (arch) Nagasaki
(n) steepness of a mountain
363
equestrian
騎士
騎手
きし
きしゅ
(n) knight/(P)
(n) horseman/rider/(P)

364
chair
椅子
椅子
いし
いす
(n) traditional square chair with armrests and a torii-shaped back (used by the emperor, etc. during ceremonies)
(n) (1) chair/(2) post/office/position/(P)

all; many

Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)

Middle Chinese: tshjem

365
ケン
frugal
倹約
質素倹約
けんやく
しっそけんやく
(adj-na,n,vs) thrift/economy/frugality/(P)
(n,vs) (practice) simplicity and frugality/scrimping and saving
366
ケン
つるぎ
sabre
真剣
剣道
しんけん
けんどう
(adj-na,n) (1) seriousness/earnestness/(2) real sword (as opposed to unsharpened or wooden practice weapon) (practise)/(P)
(n) kendo/swordmanship/fencing/(P)
367
ケン
examine
検索
検査
けんさく
けんさ
(n,vs) looking up (e.g. a word in a dictionary)/retrieval (e.g. data)/searching for/referring to/(P)
(n,vs) inspection (e.g. customs, factory)/examination/(P)
368
ケン
けわ-しい
precipitous
保険
冒険
ほけん
ぼうけん
(n) insurance/guarantee/(P)
(n,vs) risk/venture/adventure/(P)
369
ゲン、ケン
test
修験道
霊験
試験
受験
しゅげんどう
れいげん
しけん
じゅけん
(n) Shugendou/Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts
(n) miraculous efficacy/miracle/miraculous virtue
(n,vs) examination/test/study/trial/(P)
(n,vs) taking an examination/(P)

1: center

Old Chinese: *truŋ

Middle Chinese: trjuwng

2: hit the center

Old Chinese: *truŋ-s

Middle Chinese: trjuwngH

370
ジュウ(ヂュウ)、チュウ
なか
middle
途中
中国
とちゅう
ちゅうごく
(n-adv,n-t) (1) on the way/en route/(2) in the middle of/midway/(P)
(n) (1) China/(2) South-west most region of Honshu/middle of a country/the Hiroshima area/(P)
371
チュウ
なか
relationship
仲介
仲裁
ちゅうかい
ちゅうさい
(n,vs) agency/intermediation/(P)
(n,vs) arbitration/intercession/mediation/(P)
372
チュウ
loyalty
忠実
忠告
ちゅうじつ
ちゅうこく
(adj-na) (1) faithful/loyal/devoted/(P)
(n,vs) advice/warning/(P)
373
チュウ
おき
open sea
沖積
沖天
ちゅうせき
ちゅうてん
(n) alluvial
(n) rising into the heavens
374
チュウ
inmost
折衷
和洋折衷
せっちゅう
わようせっちゅう
(n,vs) compromise/cross/blending/eclecticism/(P)
(n,adj-no) a blending of Japanese and Western styles/(P)

together, join

Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ

Middle Chinese: duwng

375
ドウ
おな-じ
same
同様
同僚
どうよう
どうりょう
(adj-no,adj-na,n) identical/equal to/same (kind)/like/(P)
(n) coworker/colleague/associate/(P)
376
ドウ
ほら
den
洞察
空洞
どうさつ
くうどう
(n,vs) discernment/insight/(P)
(n) cave/hollow/cavity/(P)
377
ドウ
trunk
胴体
寸胴
どうたい
ずんどう
(n) body/trunk/torso/(P)
(adj-na,n) cylindrical container (pot, vase, etc.)/being stumpy/having no waist/sleeveless
378
ドウ
copper
銅版画
銅像
どうはんが
どうぞう
(n) copperplate engraving/etching/(P)
(n) bronze statue/(P)

379
トウ
つつ
cylinder
封筒
水筒
ふうとう
すいとう
(n) envelope/(P)
(n) canteen/flask/water bottle/(P)

reach to

Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp

Middle Chinese: gip

380
キュウ(キフ)
およ-び、およ-ぶ、およ-ぼす
reach out
普及
言及
ふきゅう
げんきゅう
(n,vs) diffusion/spread/(P)
(n,vs) reference/allusion/(P)
381
キュウ(キフ)
す-う
suck
呼吸
吸収
こきゅう
きゅうしゅう
(n,vs) (1) breath/respiration/(2) knack/trick/secret (of doing something)/(P)
(n,vs) absorption/suction/attraction/(P)
382
キュウ(キフ)
いそ-ぐ
hurry
緊急
特急
きんきゅう
とっきゅう
(adj-na,n) urgent/pressing/emergency/(P)
(n) (1) (abbr) limited express (train, faster than an express)/(2) great hurry/(P)
383
ソウ、キュウ
あつか-う
handle
384
キュウ(キフ)
rank
高級
同級生
こうきゅう
どうきゅうせい
(adj-na,n) high class/high grade/(P)
(n) classmate(s)/(P)

1: disappear

Old Chinese: *[s]ew

Middle Chinese: sjew

2: resemble

Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s

Middle Chinese: sjewH

385
ショウ(セウ)
よい
wee hours
春宵
春宵一刻
しゅんしょう
しゅんしょういっこく
(n) spring evening
(exp) a moment of time in a spring evening (is worth a thousand pieces of gold)
386
ショウ(セウ)
き-える、け-す
extinguish
解消
消費
かいしょう
しょうひ
(n,vs) cancellation/liquidation/resolution/reduction (e.g. of stress)/(P)
(n,vs) consumption/expenditure/(P)
387
ショウ(セウ)
nitrate
硝煙
硝酸
しょうえん
しょうさん
(n) gunpowder smoke/(P)
(n) nitric acid/(P)
388
ショウ(セウ)
resemblance
肖像
肖像画
しょうぞう
しょうぞうが
(n) portrait/(P)
(n) portrait

389
サク
けず-る
plane
削除
削減
さくじょ
さくげん
(n,vs) elimination/cancellation/deletion/erasure/DEL (key)/(P)
(n,vs) cut/reduction/curtailment/(P)

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: pʰɯʔ

Middle Chinese: pʰuʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: pʰl'oːs

Middle Chinese: tʰoːs

390
バイ
double
倍増
倍率
ばいぞう
ばいりつ
(n,vs) double/(P)
(n) magnification/leverage/amplification/scaling factor/scale factor/(P)
391
バイ
つちか-う
cultivate
培養
培地
ばいよう
ばいち
(n,vs) cultivation/nurture/culture/(P)
(n) culture medium
392
バイ
compensation
損害賠償
賠償金
そんがいばいしょう
ばいしょうきん
(n,vs) restitution/compensation for damages
(n) indemnities/reparations/(P)
393
バイ
obeisance
陪審員
陪審
ばいしんいん
ばいしん
(n) juror/juryman
(n) jury/juryman/juror/(P)

394
ボウ
divide
解剖
解剖学
かいぼう
かいぼうがく
(n,vs) (1) dissection/autopsy/(2) analysis/(P)
(n) anatomy/(P)

rely on

Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]

Middle Chinese: 'jin

395
イン
throat
咽喉
耳鼻咽喉
いんこう
じびいんこう
(n) throat
(n) ear/nose/and throat
396
イン
よ-る
cause
原因
要因
げんいん
よういん
(n,vs) cause/origin/source/(P)
(n) main cause/primary factor/(P)
397
イン
matrimony
婚姻
婚姻色
こんいん
こんいんしょく
(n,adj-no,vs) marriage/matrimony/(P)
(n) nuptial coloration (colouration)

398
オン
grace
恩恵
恩師
おんけい
おんし
(n) grace/favor/favour/blessing/benefit/(P)
(n) one's honoured teacher/one's honored teacher/(P)

thought (n.)

Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s

Middle Chinese: 'iH

399
オク
hundred million
億万
億万長者
おくまん
おくまんちょうじゃ
(n) millions and millions
(n) billionaire
400
オク
recollection
記憶
記憶力
きおく
きおくりょく
(n,vs) (1) memory/recollection/remembrance/(2) storage/(P)
(n) memory
401
オク
timidity
臆病
臆面
おくびょう
おくめん
(adj-na,n) cowardice/timidity/(P)
(n) shy face

402
idea
同意
意味
どうい
いみ
(n,vs) agreement/consent/same meaning/same opinion/approval/(P)
(n,vs) meaning/significance/(P)

transform

Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤaj-s

Middle Chinese: xwaeH

403
ケ、カ(クヮ)
ば-かす、ば-ける
change
変化
化粧品
強化
文化
へんげ
けしょうひん
きょうか
ぶんか
(n,vs) goblin/ghost/apparition/bugbear
(n) cosmetics/toilet articles
(n,vs) strengthen/intensify/reinforce/solidify/enhancement/(P)
(n) (1) culture/civilization/civilisation/(2) Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)/(P)
404
カ(クヮ)
はな
flower
開花
花粉症
かいか
かふんしょう
(n,vs) blooming/(P)
(n) hay fever/pollinosis (allergy to pollen)/(P)
405
カ(クヮ)
freight
雑貨
百貨店
ざっか
ひゃっかてん
(n) miscellaneous goods/general goods/sundries/(P)
(n) (department) store(s)/(P)
406
カ(クヮ)
くつ
shoes
長靴
軍靴
ちょうか
ぐんか
(n) leather boots/long boots
(n) military shoes

fruit; result

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ

Middle Chinese: kwaX

407
カ(クヮ)
は-たす、は-て、は-てる
fruit
結果
効果
けっか
こうか
(n-adv,n-t) result/consequence/(P)
(n,adj-no) effect/effectiveness/efficacy/result/(P)
408
カ(クヮ)
confectionery
菓子
お菓子
かし
おかし
(n) pastry/(P)
(n) confections/sweets/candy/(P)
409
カ(クヮ)
section
課題
課長
かだい
かちょう
(n) subject/theme/task/(P)
(n) section manager/section chief/(P)

410
はだか
naked
全裸
裸眼
ぜんら
らがん
(n) nude
(n) naked eye

411
door
上戸
戸籍
じょうご
こせき
(n) heavy drinker/drinker's habits
(n) census/family register/(P)
412
やと-う
employ
雇用
解雇
こよう
かいこ
(n,vs) employment (long term)/hire/(P)
(n,vs) discharge/dismissal/(P)
413
かえり-みる
look back
顧問
回顧
こもん
かいこ
(n) adviser/advisor/consultant/(P)
(n,vs) recollection/(P)

414
ショ
ところ
place
事務所
所属
じむしょ
しょぞく
(n) office/(P)
(n,vs) attached to/belong to/member/(P)

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ŋo

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ŋos

415
グウ
accidentally
偶然
配偶者
ぐうぜん
はいぐうしゃ
(adj-na,adj-no,n-adv,n) (by) chance/unexpectedly/suddenly/accident/fortuity/(P)
(n) spouse/wife/husband/(P)
416
グウ
interview
遭遇
待遇
そうぐう
たいぐう
(n,vs) encounter/(P)
(n,vs) treatment/reception/(P)
417
グウ
すみ
corner
一隅
南隅
いちぐう
なんぐう
(n) corner/nook/(P)
(n) southern corner

418
おろ-か
foolish
愚痴
愚行
ぐち
ぐこう
(n) (1) idle complaint/grumble/(n,adj-na) (2) (Buddh) moha (ignorance, folly)/(P)
(n) folly/foolish move

1: dwarf

Old Chinese: *to

Middle Chinese: tsyu

2: red

Old Chinese: *to

Middle Chinese: tsyu

419
シュ
vermilion
朱印
御朱印
しゅいん
ごしゅいん
(n) red seal/(P)
(n) letter bearing the shogun's scarlet seal
420
シュ、チュ
かぶ
stocks
雌雄異株
雌雄同株
しゆういしゅ
しゆうどうしゅ
(n) (in botany) dioecy/dioecism
(n) (in botany) monoecy/monoecism
421
シュ
こと
particularly
特殊
特殊部隊
とくしゅ
とくしゅぶたい
(adj-na,n) special/unique/(P)
(n) special (military) force(s)
422
シュ
pearl
真珠
真珠湾
しんじゅ
しんじゅわん
(n) pearl/(P)
(n) Pearl Harbor/(P)

tear apart; rank

Old Chinese: *[r][e]t

Middle Chinese: ljet

423
レツ
row
列車
行列
れっしゃ
ぎょうれつ
(n) train (ordinary)/(P)
(n,vs) (1) line/procession/(n) (2) (math) matrix/(P)
424
レツ
ardent
強烈
熱烈
きょうれつ
ねつれつ
(adj-na,n) strong/intense/severe/(P)
(adj-na,n) ardent/passionate/vehement/(P)
425
レツ
さ-く、さ-ける
split
分裂
爆裂
ぶんれつ
ばくれつ
(n,vs) split/division/break up/(P)
(n,vs) exploding

426
レイ
たと-える
example
事例
例年
じれい
れいねん
(n) example/precedent/(P)
(n-adv,n-t) average (normal, ordinary) year/every year/annually/(P)

1: then

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək

Middle Chinese: tsok

2: rule, pattern

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək

Middle Chinese: tsok

427
ソク
がわ
side
側面
外側
そくめん
がいそく
(n) side/flank/sidelight/lateral/(P)
(n) exterior/outside
428
ソク
rule
法則
原則
ほうそく
げんそく
(n) law/rule/(P)
(n) principle/general rule/(P)
429
ソク
はか-る
fathom
予測
観測
よそく
かんそく
(n,vs) prediction/estimation/(P)
(n,vs) observation/(P)

430
ゾク
burglar
海賊
山賊
かいぞく
さんぞく
(n,adj-no) pirate/sea robber/(P)
(n) bandit/brigand/(P)

1: inner coffin

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek

Middle Chinese: bek

2: law, rule; lawful

Old Chinese: *[N]-pek

Middle Chinese: bjiek

3: ruler, prince

Old Chinese: *pek

Middle Chinese: pjiek

431
ヘキ
かべ
wall
外壁
壁面
がいへき
へきめん
(n) outer wall/(P)
(n) surface of a wall/(P)
432
ヘキ
sphere
双璧
そうへき
(n) pair of bright jewels/matchless things/matchless people
433
ヘキ
くせ
mannerism
妄想癖
性癖
もうそうへき
せいへき
(n) (col) (sens) day-dreamer/fantasist
(n) disposition/inclination/characteristic/idiosyncrasy/(P)

434
さ-ける
evade
回避
避妊
かいひ
ひにん
(n,vs) evasion/avoidance/(P)
(n,vs) contraception/(P)

12th earthly branch

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤəʔ

Middle Chinese: hojX

435
ガイ
censure
弾劾
弾劾裁判所
だんがい
だんがいさいばんしょ
(n,vs,adj-no) impeachment/accusation/censure/denunciation/(P)
(n) (Japanese) Court of Impeachment
436
ガイ
above-stated
該当
当該
がいとう
とうがい
(n,vs) corresponding/answering to/coming under/applying to/(P)
(adj-f,n) appropriate (authorities)/concern/applicability/correlation
437
ガイ
dead remains
残骸
死骸
ざんがい
しがい
(n) ruins/wreckage
(n) body/corpse/remains

438
コク
きざ-む
engrave
深刻
時刻
しんこく
じこく
(adj-na,n) serious/(P)
(n-adv,n-t) instant/time/moment/(P)

1: combine two things

Old Chinese: *peŋ

Middle Chinese: pjieng

2: combine two things

Old Chinese: *peŋ-s

Middle Chinese: pjiengH

439
ヘイ
あわ-せる
join
合併
併設
ごうへい
へいせつ
(ok) (n,vs) combination/union/amalgamation/consolidation/merger/coalition/fusion/annexation/affiliation/incorporation
(n,vs) establishment/link/(P)
440
ヘイ
もち
mochi rice cake
画餅
画餅
がへい
がべい
(n) failure/fiasco/rice-cake painting/collapse/something of little value
(n) failure/fiasco/rice-cake painting/collapse/something of little value
441
ヘイ
fence
ブロック塀
土塀
ブロックべい
どべい
(n) concrete-block wall
(n) mud wall/earthen wall/plaster wall/(P)

442
ビン
flower pot
花瓶
哺乳瓶
かびん
ほにゅうびん
(n) (flower) vase/(P)
(n) baby bottle

run (v.)

Old Chinese: *pˤur

Middle Chinese: pwon

443
フン
ふ-く
erupt
噴水
噴出
ふんすい
ふんしゅつ
(n) water fountain/(P)
(n,vs) spewing/gushing/spouting/eruption/effusion/(P)
444
フン
tomb
古墳
前方後円墳
こふん
ぜんぽうこうえんふん
(n) ancient (mound) tomb/(P)
(n) keyhole-shaped tumulus (form of ancient Imperial grave)
445
フン
いきどお-る
aroused
鬱憤
憂憤
うっぷん
ゆうふん
(n) resentment/grudge/anger
(n,vs) grief and anger

446
ホン
bustle
奔放
奔走
ほんぽう
ほんそう
(adj-na,n) wild/uninhibited/extravagant/rampant/(P)
(n,vs) running about/efforts/activity/(P)

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: klaːŋ

447
コウ(カウ)
おか*
hill
岡陵
こうりょう
(n) (arch) hill
448
コウ(カウ)
つな
hawser
要綱
大綱
ようこう
たいこう
(n) principle/(P)
(n) fundamental principles/outline/general features/(P)
449
コウ(カウ)
はがね
steel
鋼鉄
鉄鋼
こうてつ
てっこう
(n) steel/(P)
(n) iron and steel/(P)

450
ゴウ(ガウ)
sturdy
金剛
剛健
こんごう
ごうけん
(n) (1) vajra (indestructible substance)/diamond/adamantine/(2) thunderbolt/Indra's weapon/Buddhist symbol of the indestructible truth
(adj-na,n) vigour/vigor/virility/health/sturdiness/(P)

high, tall

Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw

Middle Chinese: kaw

稿
451
コウ(カウ)
draft
投稿
原稿
とうこう
げんこう
(n,vs) contribution/submission/posting (e.g. to a newsgroup ormailing list)/(P)
(n) manuscript/copy/(P)
452
コウ(カウ)
たか、たか-い、たか-まる、たか-める
tall; expensive
最高
高校生
さいこう
こうこうせい
(adj-na,n) highest/supreme/the most/(P)
(n) senior high school student/(P)

453
ゴウ(ガウ)
overpowering
豪快
強豪
ごうかい
きょうごう
(adj-na,n) hearty/exciting/stirring/lively/heroic/largehearted/splendid/(P)
(adj-na,n) veteran/champion/(P)

axe; catty

Old Chinese: *[k]ər

Middle Chinese: kj+n

454
キン
axe
斤量
一斤
きんりょう
いっきん
(n) weight/(P)
(n) (1) 1 kin (~0.6kg)/(2) 1 loaf of bread
455
キン
ちか-い
near
最近
近所
さいきん
きんじょ
(adj-no,n-adv,n-t) latest/most recent/nowadays/(P)
(n) neighbourhood/neighborhood/(P)

456
いの-る
pray
祈願
祈念
きがん
きねん
(n,vs) prayer/(P)
(n,vs) prayer/(P)

1: end (v.)

Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ

Middle Chinese: 'jang

2: center (n.)

Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ

Middle Chinese: 'jang

457
エイ
うつ-す、うつ-る、は-える
reflect
映画
映像
えいが
えいぞう
(n) movie/film/(P)
(n) reflection/image/picture (e.g. on a television)/(P)
458
エイ
England
英数
英語
えいすう
えいご
(n) (comp) ASCII coding (lit: English coding)
(n) English (language)/(P)

459
オウ(アウ)
center
中央
中央線
ちゅうおう
ちゅうおうせん
(n) centre/central/center/middle/(P)
(n) Chuo Line (central railway line in Tokyo)

add

Old Chinese: *kˤraj

Middle Chinese: kae

460
くわ-える、くわ-わる
add
参加
追加
さんか
ついか
(n,vs) participation/(P)
(n,vs) addition/supplement/append (e.g. to a file)/appendix/(P)
461
か-かる、か-ける
rack
架空
十字架
かくう
じゅうじか
(adj-na,n,adj-no) aerial/overhead/fiction/fanciful/(P)
(n) cross/the Cross (of Christ)/(P)

462
congratulations
年賀状
謹賀新年
ねんがじょう
きんがしんねん
(n) New Year's card/(P)
(int) Happy New Year!/(P)

household

Old Chinese: *kˤra

Middle Chinese: kae

463
とつ-ぐ、よめ
marry into
転嫁
責任転嫁
てんか
せきにんてんか
(n,vs) second marriage/remarriage/imputation/blame/(P)
(n) shift the responsibility (for something) on to (someone)/pass the buck
464
ケ、カ
いえ、や
house
一家
本家
家族
実家
いっけ
ほんけ
かぞく
じっか
(n) a house/a home/a family/a household/one's family/one's folks/a style
(n) head house (family)/birthplace/originator/(P)
(n) family/members of a family/(P)
(n) (one's parents') home/(P)
465
かせ-ぐ
earnings
稼動
稼働
かどう
かどう
(n,vs) operation (of machine)/actual work
(n,vs) operation (of machine)/actual work/(P)

all; everywhere

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m

Middle Chinese: heam

466
カン
feeling
感想
感動
かんそう
かんどう
(n,vs) impressions/thoughts/(P)
(n,vs) being deeply moved emotionally/excitement/passion/deep emotion/impression/(P)
467
カン
remorse
遺憾
遺憾千万
いかん
いかんせんばん
(adj-na,n) regrettable/unsatisfactory/(P)
(adj-na) highly regrettable/utterly deplorable

468
ゲン
へ-らす、へ-る
decrease
いい加減
加減
いいかげん
かげん
(adj-na) (1) (uk) irresponsible/perfunctory/careless/(2) lukewarm/half-baked/halfhearted/vague/(3) reasonable/moderate (usu. in suggestions or orders)/(adv) (4) considerably/quite/rather/pretty/(P)
(n,adj-na) (1) addition and subtraction/(2) allowance for/(3) degree/extent/measure/(4) condition/state of health/(5) seasoning/flavor/flavour/moderation/adjustment/(6) influence (of the weather)/(7) chance/(P)

set up, establish

Old Chinese: *[k]a[n]-s

Middle Chinese: kjonH

469
ケン
すこ-やか
healthy
健康
健康診断
けんこう
けんこうしんだん
(adj-na,n) health/sound/wholesome/(P)
(n) physical examination
470
コン、ケン
た-つ、た-てる
build
再建
建立
建築
建設
さいこん
こんりゅう
けんちく
けんせつ
(n,vs) (temple or shrine) rebuilding
(n,vs) (act of) building (temple, monument, etc.)/erection/(P)
(n,vs) construction/architecture/(P)
(n,vs) construction/establishment/(P)
471
ケン
かぎ
key
鍵盤
鍵盤楽器
けんばん
けんばんがっき
(n) keyboard (e.g. piano, computer)
(n) keyboard (keyed) instrument

1: announce, inform

Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s

Middle Chinese: kawH

2: announce, inform

Old Chinese: *kˤuk

Middle Chinese: kowk

472
コク
つ-げる
tell
報告
告知
ほうこく
こくち
(n,vs) report/information/(P)
(n,vs) notice/announcement/(P)
473
コク
cruel
残酷
過酷
ざんこく
かこく
(adj-na,n) cruelty/harshness/(P)
(adj-na,n) rigour/rigor/severity/cruelty/harsh/(P)

474
ゾウ(ザウ)
つく-る
create
製造
木造
せいぞう
もくぞう
(n,vs) manufacture/production/(P)
(adj-no,n) wooden/made of wood/(P)

long robe

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷa[n]

Middle Chinese: hjwon

475
エン(ヱン)
その
garden
公園
幼稚園
こうえん
ようちえん
(n) (public) park/(P)
(n) kindergarten/(P)
476
エン(ヱン)
さる
monkey
犬猿
野猿
けんえん
やえん
(n) dogs and monkeys (esp. as an example of a bad relationship, like that between cats and dogs)
(n) wild monkey
477
オン(ヲン)、エン(ヱン)
とお-い
far
久遠
遠忌
遠征
遠慮
くおん
おんき
えんせい
えんりょ
(n,adj-no) eternity
(n) 13th or later anniversary of a death
(n,vs) (1) expedition/campaign/(performer's) tour/(2) away series (baseball)/(P)
(adj-na,n,vs) diffidence/restraint/reserve/discretion/tact/thoughtfulness/(P)

complete (adj.)

Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]

Middle Chinese: dzjwen

478
セン
plug
血栓
水栓
けっせん
すいせん
(n) thrombus/blood clot
(n) faucet/water tap
479
セン
discussion
所詮
詮索
しょせん
せんさく
(adv) after all
(n,vs) inquiry into/enquiry into/prying (into)/investigation/search/exploration

480
ゼン
すべ-て、まった-く
whole
全然
全部
ぜんぜん
ぜんぶ
(adv) (1) not at all (with neg. verb)/(2) wholly/entirely/completely/(P)
(n-adv,n-t) all/entire/whole/altogether/(P)

divide, make a breach

Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s

Middle Chinese: kwaejH

481
ケツ
き-まる、き-める
decide
決定
解決
けってい
かいけつ
(n,vs) decision/determination/(P)
(n,vs) settlement/solution/resolution/(P)
482
ケツ
か-く、か-ける
lack
不可欠
欠席
ふかけつ
けっせき
(adj-na,n) indispensable/essential/(P)
(n,vs) absence/non-attendance/(P)

483
カイ(クヮイ)
こころよ-い
cheerful
快適
愉快
かいてき
ゆかい
(adj-na,n) pleasant/agreeable/comfortable/(P)
(adj-na,n) pleasant/happy/(P)

a vein of water (Shuōwén)

Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ

Middle Chinese: keng

484
ケイ
diameter
直径
半径
ちょっけい
はんけい
(n) diameter/(P)
(n) radius/(P)
485
キョウ(キャウ)、ケイ
へ-る
manage
経堂
写経
経験
経済
きょうどう
しゃきょう
けいけん
けいざい
(n) sutra library
(n,vs) hand-copied sutras/copying of a sutra
(n,vs) experience/(P)
(n,vs) economics/business/finance/economy/(P)
486
ケイ
かる-い、かろ-やか
light
軽減
軽快
けいげん
けいかい
(n,vs) abatement/reduction/(P)
(adj-na) (1) casual (e.g. dress)/light/nimble/jaunty/rhythmical (e.g. melody)/(n,vs) (2) taking a turn for the better/receding of symptoms/(P)

dazzle

Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ

Middle Chinese: hweng

487
エイ(ヱイ)
さか-える、は-え、は-える
prosperity
栄養
栄光
えいよう
えいこう
(n) nutrition/nourishment/(P)
(n) glory/(P)
488
エイ
いとな-む
manage
営業
経営
えいぎょう
けいえい
(n,vs) business/trade/sales/operations/(P)
(n,vs) management/administration/(P)

489
ケイ
ほたる
lightning-bug
蛍光灯
蛍光
けいこうとう
けいこう
(n) (1) fluorescent lamp/fluorescent light/(2) person who is slow to react/(P)
(n) fluorescence

forest

Old Chinese: *[r]əm

Middle Chinese: lim

490
キン
prohibition
禁止
解禁
きんし
かいきん
(n,vs) prohibition/inhibition/ban/(P)
(n,vs) lifting a ban/(P)
491
キン
えり
collar
開襟
胸襟
かいきん
きょうきん
(n,vs) open-necked (shirt)
(n) one's heart/(P)

492
リン
はやし
woods
風林火山
農林
ふうりんかざん
のうりん
(exp) as fast as the wind, as quiet as the forest, as daring as fire, and immovable as the mountain
(n) agriculture and forestry/(P)

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: praːn

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: paːn

3: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: baːn

493
ハン
conveyor
搬入
搬送
はんにゅう
はんそう
(n,vs) take in/bring in/(P)
(n,vs,vt) transportation/conveyance/delivery/(P)
494
ハン
generally
全般
一般的
ぜんぱん
いっぱんてき
(n,adj-no) (the) whole/universal/wholly/general/(P)
(adj-na) popular/typical/general/(P)

495
バン
tray
終盤
中盤
しゅうばん
ちゅうばん
(n) endgame/final stage/(P)
(n-adv,n) middle (stage)/(P)

to manifest

Old Chinese: *lreŋ

Middle Chinese: drjeng

496
テイ
display
露呈
進呈
ろてい
しんてい
(n,vs) exposure/disclosure/(P)
(n,vs) presentation/(P)
497
テイ
ほど
extent
程度
日程
ていど
にってい
(n,n-adv,n-suf) degree/amount/grade/standard/of the order of (following a number)/(P)
(n) schedule/program/programme/agenda/(P)

498
テツ
iron
鉄道
地下鉄
てつどう
ちかてつ
(n) railroad/(P)
(n) underground train/subway/(P)

edge of a blade

Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s

Middle Chinese: nyinH

499
ニン
しの-ばせる、しの-ぶ
endure
忍者
忍耐力
にんじゃ
にんたいりょく
(n) ninja (persons in feudal Japan who used ninjutsu for the purposes of espionage, assassination, sabotage, etc.)/(P)
(n) fortitude
500
ニン
みと-める
recognize
認識
認定
にんしき
にんてい
(n,vs) recognition/cognizance/cognisance/(P)
(n,vs) authorization/authorisation/acknowledgment/acknowledgement/certification/recognition/(P)

501
ジン
blade
自刃
白刃
じじん
はくじん
(n,vs) suicide by the sword
(n) drawn sword/naked sword

foot

Old Chinese: *sra

Middle Chinese: srjo

502
うと-い、うと-む
alienate
過疎
疎通
かそ
そつう
(n) depopulation/(P)
(n,vs) (1) (mutual) understanding/communication/(2) removal of blockage (esp. medical)/drainage/(P)
503
いしずえ
cornerstone
基礎
基礎知識
きそ
きそちしき
(n,adj-no) foundation/basis/(P)
(n) fundamental knowledge

婿
504
セイ
むこ
bridegroom
女婿
令婿
じょせい
れいせい
(n) one's son-in-law
(n) your son-in-law

catch, get

Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak

Middle Chinese: hweak

505
カク(クヮク)
え-る
seize
獲得
捕獲
かくとく
ほかく
(n,vs) acquisition/possession/(P)
(n,vs) capture/seizure/(P)
506
カク(クヮク)
harvest
収穫
収穫祭
しゅうかく
しゅうかくさい
(n,vs) harvest/crop/ingathering/(P)
(n) a harvest festival

507
safeguard
保護
介護
ほご
かいご
(n,vs) care/protection/shelter/safeguard/guardianship/favor/favour/patronage/(P)
(n,vs) nursing/(P)

1: time, season

Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]

Middle Chinese: gin

2: (a kind of vegetable)

Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ

Middle Chinese: kj+nX

3: clay

Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]

Middle Chinese: gin

508
キン
わず-か
a wee bit
僅差
僅少
きんさ
きんしょう
(n) narrow margin
(adj-no) (a) few/(a) little/trifling/insignificant/small (amount)/scarce (stocks)
509
キン、ゴン
つと-まる、つと-める
diligence
通勤
出勤
勤行
つうきん
しゅっきん
ごんぎょう
(n,vs) commuting to work/(P)
(n,vs) going to work/at work/(P)
(n) Buddhist religious service
510
キン
つつし-む
discreet
不謹慎
謹慎
ふきんしん
きんしん
(adj-na,n) indiscretion/imprudence
(n) penitence/discipline/house arrest/(P)

give

Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ

Middle Chinese: yoX

511
あた-える
give
与党
関与
よとう
かんよ
(n) government party/(ruling) party in power/government/(P)
(n,vs) participation/taking part in/participating in/being concerned in/(P)
512
ほま-れ
reputation
名誉
栄誉
めいよ
えいよ
(adj-na,n) honor/honour/credit/prestige/(P)
(n) honour/honor/(P)

513
キョ
あ-がる、あ-げる
raise
選挙
総選挙
せんきょ
そうせんきょ
(n,vs) election/(P)
(n) general election (of the lower house)/(P)

respectful

Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s

Middle Chinese: kjaengH

514
ケイ
うやま-う
respect
尊敬
敬意
そんけい
けいい
(n,vs) respect/esteem/reverence/honour/honor/(P)
(n) respect/honour/honor/(P)
515
ケイ
guard against
警察
警告
けいさつ
けいこく
(n) police/(P)
(n,vs) warning/advice/(P)

516
キョウ(キャウ)
おどろ-かす、おどろ-く
wonder
驚異
驚異的
きょうい
きょういてき
(n) wonder/miracle/(P)
(adj-na) wonderful/astounding/marvellous

1: excessive, very

Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyimX

2: excessive

Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s

Middle Chinese: dzyimH

517
カン
intuition
勘弁
勘定
かんべん
かんじょう
(n,vs) pardon/forgiveness/forbearance/(P)
(n,vs) calculation/counting/consideration/reckoning/settlement of an account/allowance/(P)
518
カン
た-える
withstand
堪能
堪忍
かんのう
かんにん
(ok) (adj-na) (1) proficient/skillful/(n,vs) (2) satisfaction/(n,vs) (3) (Buddh) fortitude
(int,n) pardon/patient endurance/forbearance/forgiveness

519
ジン
はなは-だ、はなは-だしい
tremendously
甚平
甚大
じんべい
じんだい
(n) informal summer clothes for men (short jacket and trousers)
(adj-na,n) very great/enormous/serious/(P)

1: spring, source; origin

Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar

Middle Chinese: ngjwon

2: high plain (n.)

Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar

Middle Chinese: ngjwon

520
ゲン
はら
field
原作
高原
げんさく
こうげん
(n) original work/(P)
(n) tableland/plateau/(P)
521
ゲン
みなもと
origin
資源
電源
しげん
でんげん
(n) resources/(P)
(n) (1) source of electricity/electrical power/(2) power (button on TV, etc.)/(P)

522
ガン(グヮン)
ねが-う
request
念願
願望
ねんがん
がんぼう
(n,vs) one's heart's desire/earnest petition/(P)
(n,vs) desire/wish/aspiration/(P)

full, fill

Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ

Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng

523
ジュウ
あ-てる
allot
充分
充電
じゅうぶん
じゅうでん
(adj-na) (1) plenty/enough/sufficient/satisfactory/adequate/(adv) (2) perfectly/thoroughly/fully/in full
(n,vs) (1) charging (electrically)/(2) electrification/(P)
524
ジュウ
gun
銃撃
機関銃
じゅうげき
きかんじゅう
(n,vs) shooting/gunning (down)/(P)
(n) machine gun/(P)

525
トウ
す-べる
unite
大統領
統一
だいとうりょう
とういつ
(n) president/chief executive/(P)
(n,vs) unity/consolidation/uniformity/unification/compatible/(P)

hang down

Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]

Middle Chinese: dzywe

526
スイ
た-らす、た-れる
droop
垂直
懸垂
すいちょく
けんすい
(adj-na,n) vertical/perpendicular/(P)
(n,vs) pull-up/chin up/chinning/(P)
527
スイ
drowsy
睡眠
爆睡
すいみん
ばくすい
(n) sleep/(P)
(adj-na) (col) fast asleep/bombed/crashed

528
つば
saliva
唾液
唾棄
だえき
だき
(n) saliva/sputum
(n,vs) contemptuous/despicable

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: run

529
リン
ethics
不倫
倫理
ふりん
りんり
(adj-na,n) adultery/immorality/impropriety/(P)
(n) ethics/morals/(P)
530
リン
wheel
内輪
一輪
ないりん
いちりん
(n) inner ring (e.g. washer)
(n) one flower/(a) wheel

531
ロン
theory
結論
議論
けつろん
ぎろん
(n,vs) conclusion/(P)
(n,vs) argument/discussion/dispute/controversy/(P)

lord; ruler

Old Chinese: *C.qur

Middle Chinese: kjun

532
グン
む-れ、む-れる、むら*
flock
抜群
症候群
ばつぐん
しょうこうぐん
(n) (1) preeminence/distinction/extraordinariness/(adj-no,adj-na) (2) outstanding/excellent/exceptional/surpassing/extraordinary/distinguished/(P)
(n) syndrome/(P)
533
グン
county
郡部
郡役所
ぐんぶ
ぐんやくしょ
(n) rural districts/counties/(P)
(n) county offices

534
クン
きみ
you
諸君
君臨
しょくん
くんりん
(n) Gentlemen!/Ladies!/(P)
(n,vs) reign/control/(to) dictate/(P)

535
ケン
ticket
馬券
証券
ばけん
しょうけん
(n) (horse racing) betting ticket/(P)
(n) securities/bonds/certificates/(P)
536
ケン
こぶし
fist
太極拳
拳銃
たいきょくけん
けんじゅう
(n) (MA) grand ultimate fist/Tai Chi Chuan
(n) pistol/handgun/revolver

537
カン(クヮン)
ま-く、まき
scroll
圧巻
全巻
あっかん
ぜんかん
(n) highlight/best part/masterpiece/(P)
(n) the whole reel/the whole volume

gate, door

Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]

Middle Chinese: mwon

538
モン
と-い、と-う、とん*
question
問題点
時事問題
もんだいてん
じじもんだい
(n) the point at issue/(P)
(n) current question/current topics
539
モン、ブン
き-く、き-こえる
hear
見聞
前代未聞
新聞社
産経新聞
けんもん
ぜんだいみもん
しんぶんしゃ
さんけいしんぶん
(n,vs) information/observation
(n,adj-no) unheard-of/unprecedented/unparalleled in history (unparallelled)/record-breaking/(P)
(n) newspaper company/(P)
(n) Sankei newspaper
540
モン
かど
gates
部門
専門家
ぶもん
せんもんか
(n) class/group/category/department/field/branch/(P)
(n) specialist/(P)

sage (n.)

Old Chinese: *l̥eŋ-s

Middle Chinese: syengH

541
チョウ(チャウ)
government office
県庁
気象庁
けんちょう
きしょうちょう
(n) prefectural office/(P)
(n) Meteorological Agency/(P)
542
チョウ(チャウ)
き-く
listen
視聴
試聴
しちょう
しちょう
(n,vs) attention/viewing/(P)
(n,vs) trial listening (e.g. to a record before buying)/audition

543
セイ
holy
聖地
聖火
せいち
せいか
(n) sacred place/holy ground/the Holy Land/(P)
(n) (1) sacred fire (torch)/(2) Olympic flame/(P)

bamboo

Old Chinese: *truk

Middle Chinese: trjuwk

544
チク
たけ
bamboo
竹林
爆竹
ちくりん
ばくちく
(n) bamboo thicket/(P)
(n) firecracker/(P)
545
チク
きず-く
fabricate
構築
新築
こうちく
しんちく
(n,vs) construction/(P)
(n,vs,adj-no) new building/new construction/(P)

546
トク
fervent
危篤
篤志
きとく
とくし
(n,adj-no) critical illness/on the verge of death/(P)
(adj-na,n) charity/benevolence

547
recreation
娯楽
娯楽施設
ごらく
ごらくしせつ
(n,vs) pleasure/amusement/(P)
(n) amusement (recreational) facilities
548
あやま-る
mistake
誤解
錯誤
ごかい
さくご
(n,vs) misunderstanding/(P)
(n) mistake/(P)

549
おそれ
uneasiness
虞美人草
不虞
ぐびじんそう
ふぐ
(n) field poppy/Papaver rhoeas
(n) emergency

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kɯds

550
ガイ
outline
概要
概念
がいよう
がいねん
(n-t) outline/summary/abridgment/synopsis/(P)
(n) general idea/concept/notion/(P)
551
ガイ
rue
感慨
憤慨
かんがい
ふんがい
(n) strong feelings/deep emotion/(P)
(n,vs) indignation/resentment/(P)

552
すで-に
previously
既存
既婚
きそん
きこん
(n,adj-no) existing/(P)
(n,adj-no) marriage/married/(P)

1: compare

Old Chinese: *C.pijʔ

Middle Chinese: pjijX

2: combine; all

Old Chinese: *pij-s

Middle Chinese: pjijH

553
criticism
批評
批判的
ひひょう
ひはんてき
(n,vs) criticism/review/commentary/(P)
(adj-na,n) critical/(P)
554
くら-べる
compare
比率
比例
ひりつ
ひれい
(n) ratio/proportion/percentage/(P)
(n,vs) proportion/(P)

555
ヘイ
highness
陛下
両陛下
へいか
りょうへいか
(n,n-suf) (hon) your Majesty/his (or her) Majesty/(P)
(n) Their Majesties/the Emperor and Empress

select, distinguish

Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ

Middle Chinese: keanX

556
レン
tempering
錬金術
錬金術師
れんきんじゅつ
れんきんじゅつし
(n) (1) alchemy/(2) making big money (implied, by dubious means)/(P)
(n) alchemist
557
レン
ね-る
practice
試練
洗練
しれん
せんれん
(n) test/trial/probation/ordeal/tribulation/(P)
(n,vs) polish/refinement/(P)

558
ラン
column
コメント欄
空欄
コメントらん
くうらん
(n) (comp) comment field (e.g. on a blog)
(n) blank space/(P)

9th heavenly stem

Old Chinese: *n[ə]m

Middle Chinese: nyim

559
ニン
まか-す、まか-せる
responsibility
赴任
担任
ふにん
たんにん
(n,vs) (proceeding to) new appointment/(P)
(n,vs) (1) in charge (of something)/(2) (abbr) homeroom teacher/(P)
560
ニン
pregnancy
妊婦
不妊
にんぷ
ふにん
(n) pregnant woman/(P)
(n) infertility/sterility/barrenness/(P)

561
チン
fare
賃金
運賃
ちんぎん
うんちん
(n) wages/(P)
(n) freight rates/shipping expenses/fare/(P)

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ruːl

562
ルイ
bases
満塁
本塁打
まんるい
ほんるいだ
(n) bases loaded (baseball)/(P)
(n) home run (baseball)/(P)
563
ルイ
accumulate
累計
累積
るいけい
るいせき
(n,vs) total/(P)
(n,vs) accumulation/(P)

564
ライ
かみなり
thunder
雷雨
落雷
らいう
らくらい
(n) thunderstorm/(P)
(n,vs) thunderbolt/bolt of lightning/(P)

cut off

Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ

Middle Chinese: tsreamX

565
ザン
き-る
kill by slicing
斬新
斬首
ざんしん
ざんしゅ
(adj-na,n) novel/original/newness
(n,vs) decapitated head/decapitation
566
ザン
temporarily
暫定
暫定的
ざんてい
ざんていてき
(n,pref) tentative/temporary/(P)
(adj-na) temporary/provisional

567
ゼン
steadily
漸進
漸減
ぜんしん
ぜんげん
(n,vs) gradual progress/steady advance/(P)
(n,vs) gradual decrease/decline/(P)

7th heavenly stem

Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ

Middle Chinese: kaeng

568
トウ(タウ)
から
T'ang
唐突
唐人
とうとつ
とうじん
(adj-na,n) abrupt/sudden/(P)
(n) a Chinese/foreigner
569
トウ(タウ)
sugar
糖尿病
血糖
とうにょうびょう
けっとう
(n) diabetes mellitus/sugar diabetes/(P)
(n) blood sugar/(P)

570
コウ(カウ)
health
健康食品
健康的
けんこうしょくひん
けんこうてき
(n) health foods/(P)
(adj-na) hygienic/healthy/healthful/sanitary

divine (v.)

Old Chinese: *pˤok

Middle Chinese: puwk

571
obituary
訃報
訃音
ふほう
ふいん
(n) news of a person's death
(n) report of a death
572
おもむ-く
proceed
単身赴任
単身赴任者
たんしんふにん
たんしんふにんしゃ
(n,vs) job transfer away from one's home/taking up a new post leaving one's family behind/(P)
(n) employee posted away from their family

573
ボク
crude
純朴
朴念仁
じゅんぼく
ぼくねんじん
(adj-na,n) rustic simplicity/homeliness/unsophisticated/naive/honest/simple
(n) quiet unsociable person

沿

go along (a river); follow

Old Chinese: *lon

Middle Chinese: ywen

沿
574
エン
そ-う
run alongside
沿線
沿岸
えんせん
えんがん
(n,adj-no) along railway line/(P)
(n) coast/shore/(P)
575
エン
なまり
lead
鉛筆
亜鉛
えんぴつ
あえん
(n) pencil/(P)
(n) zinc (Zn)/(P)

576
セン
ふな*、ふね
boat
風船
船長
ふうせん
せんちょう
(n) balloon (esp. small, toy variety)/(P)
(n) ship's captain/(P)

1: ear

Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ

Middle Chinese: nyiX

2: =而已 “that’s all”

Old Chinese: *nəʔ

Middle Chinese: nyiX

577
みみ
ear
耳鼻科
中耳炎
じびか
ちゅうじえん
(n) otolaryngology/concerning the ear, nose, and throat/(P)
(n) tympanitis (inflammation of middle ear)/(P)
578
え、えさ
bait
食餌
食餌療法
しょくじ
しょくじりょうほう
(n) dietary cure
(n) medical diet/dietary cure

579
は-じらう、は-じる、は-ずかしい、はじ
shame
恥部
破廉恥
ちぶ
はれんち
(n) private parts/privates/genitalia/secret place
(adj-na,n) infamy

1: district

Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ʷˤe[n]-s

Middle Chinese: hwenH

2: suspend

Old Chinese: *[g]ʷˤe[n]

Middle Chinese: hwen

580
ケ、ケン
か-かる、か-ける
suspend
懸念
懸念材料
一生懸命
懸賞
けねん
けねんざいりょう
いっしょうけんめい
けんしょう
(n,vs) worry/fear/anxiety/concern/(P)
(n) cause (grounds) for concern (anxiety)/reason for uneasiness
(adj-na,n-adv,n) very hard/with utmost effort/with all one's might/for dear life/(P)
(n) offering prizes/winning/reward/(P)
581
ケン
prefecture
都道府県
道府県
とどうふけん
どうふけん
(n) administrative divisions of Japan: Tokyo-to, Hokkai-do, Osaka-fu, Kyoto-fu and remaining prefectures/(P)
(n) Hokkai-do, Osaka-fu, Kyoto-fu and remaining prefectures (all administrative divisions of Japan except Tokyo-to)

1: not have

Old Chinese: *ma

Middle Chinese: mju

2: volitional prefix

Old Chinese: *ma

Middle Chinese: mju

3: don’t

Old Chinese: *mo

Middle Chinese: mju

582
ブ、ム
な-い
nothing
無事終了
無難
無料
無理
ぶじしゅうりょう
ぶなん
むりょう
むり
(n,vs) ending without incident/being successfully brought to completion/finishing something without a hitch
(adj-na,n) safety/security/(P)
(n,adj-no) free/no charge/(P)
(adj-na,n,vs) unreasonable/impossible/overdoing/(P)
583
ま-う、まい
dance
舞踊
乱舞
ぶよう
らんぶ
(n) dancing/dance/(P)
(n,vs) boisterous dance

1: show (v.)

Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s

Middle Chinese: zyijH

2: put (= 寘)

Old Chinese: *ke-s

Middle Chinese: tsyeH

584
ジ、シ
しめ-す
indicate
表示
展示
黙示録
公示
ひょうじ
てんじ
もくしろく
こうし
(n,vs) indication/expression/display/presentation/(P)
(n,vs) exhibition/display/(P)
(n) Revelation (book of the Bible)/the Apocalypse
(n,vs) edict/public announcement
585
look at
視点
無視
してん
むし
(n) opinion/point of view/visual point/(P)
(n,vs) disregard/ignore/(P)

586
カン
simplicity
簡単
簡潔
かんたん
かんけつ
(adj-na,n) simple/(P)
(adj-na,n) brevity/conciseness/simplicity/(P)
587
カン、ケン
あいだ、ま
interval
時間
人間
仲間
世間
じかん
じんかん
ちゅうげん
せけん
(n-adv,n) (1) time/(ctr) (2) hours/(P)
(n) (arch) the world
(n) samurai's attendant/footman
(n) world/society/(P)

bright

Old Chinese: *mraŋ

Middle Chinese: mjaeng

588
ミョウ(ミャウ)、メイ
あ-かす、あ-かり、あ-く、あ-くる、あ-ける、あか-らむ、あか-るい、あか-るむ、あき-らか
bright
明日
明後日
明治
明確
みょうにち
みょうごにち
めいじ
めいかく
(n-t) tomorrow/(P)
(n-adv,n-t) day after tomorrow/(P)
(n) Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)/(P)
(adj-na,n) clear up/clarify/define/(P)
589
メイ
alliance
同盟
連盟
どうめい
れんめい
(n,vs) alliance/union/league/(P)
(n) league/union/alliance/(P)

(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors

Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s

Middle Chinese: khj+jH

590
ケ、キ
feeling
気配
湿気
人気
人気
けはい
しっけ
じんき
にんき
(n) (1) indication/sign/hint/presence/trend/(2) quotation (esp. stock market)/(P)
(n) moisture/humidity/dampness/(P)
(n) prevailing mood of a locality/emotional climate of a district
(n,adj-no,adj-na) popular/popular feeling/business conditions/(P)
591
steam
汽車
汽船
きしゃ
きせん
(n) train (steam)/(P)
(n) steamship/steamboat/steamer/(P)

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: njen

592
ネン、ゼン
so
天然
天然記念物
徒然
当然
てんねん
てんねんきねんぶつ
とぜん
とうぜん
(n) (1) nature/spontaneity/(2) (abbr) natural airhead/(P)
(n) (1) natural monument/(2) protected species (animal, habitat, etc.)/(P)
(adj-na,adv,n) tedium
(adj-na,adj-no) natural/as a matter of course/(P)
593
ネン
も-える、も-す、も-やす
burn
燃料
燃費
ねんりょう
ねんぴ
(n) fuel/(P)
(n) fuel consumption/gas mileage/(P)

elder brother

Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ

Middle Chinese: xjwaeng

594
キョウ(キャウ)、ケイ
あに
older brother
兄弟
兄弟姉妹
兄妹
従兄弟
きょうだい
きょうだいしまい
けいまい
じゅうけいてい
(n) siblings/brothers and sisters/(P)
(n) brothers and sisters/siblings
(n) older brother and younger sister
(n) (uk) male cousin
595
キョウ(キャウ)
condition
状況
近況
じょうきょう
きんきょう
(n) state of affairs (around you)/situation/circumstances/(P)
(n) recent state (condition)/(P)

end of a branch

Old Chinese: *mˤat

Middle Chinese: mat

596
マツ
rub
抹消
一抹
まっしょう
いちまつ
(n,vs) erasure/delete (e.g. DEL character)/(P)
(n) (1) (a) touch of/tinge of/wreath (e.g. of smoke)/(2) one stroke/one brush/(P)
597
バツ、マツ
すえ
end
末路
末席
週末
年末
ばつろ
ばっせき
しゅうまつ
ねんまつ
(n) last days/the end/one's fate
(n) lowest seat/foot of the table
(n-adv,n) weekend/(P)
(n-adv,n-t) end-of-year/(P)

name

Old Chinese: *C.meŋ

Middle Chinese: mjieng

598
ミョウ(ミャウ)、メイ
name
本名
同名
有名
有名人
ほんみょう
どうみょう
ゆうめい
ゆうめいじん
(n) real name/(P)
(n) same name
(adj-na) (1) famous/(n) (2) fame/(P)
(n) celebrity
599
メイ
inscription
感銘
銘菓
かんめい
めいか
(n,vs) deep impression/(P)
(n) excellent cake/cake of an established name

early

Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: tsawX

600
ソウ(サウ)、サッ
はや-い、はや-まる、はや-める
early
早朝
早期
早速
早急
そうちょう
そうき
さっそく
さっきゅう
(n-adv,n-t) early morning/(P)
(n) early stage/(P)
(adv) at once/immediately/without delay/promptly/(P)
(adj-na,n) urgent/(P)
601
ソウ(サウ)
くさ
grass
草花
野草
そうか
やそう
(n) flower/flowering plant
(n) wild grasses/field grass/wildflowers

1: man

Old Chinese: *p(r)a

Middle Chinese: pju

2: this, that

Old Chinese: *[b]a

Middle Chinese: bju

3: final particle

Old Chinese: *ba

Middle Chinese: bju

602
フ、フウ
おっと
husband
夫人
夫人
夫婦
老夫婦
ふじん
ぶにん
ふうふ
ろうふうふ
(n) (1) wife/Mrs/madam/(n) (2) (arch) wife of a nobleman (aristocrat, etc.)/(n) (3) (arch) consort of the emperor/(P)
(n) (1) (arch) consort of the emperor
(n) married couple/spouses/husband and wife/couple/pair/(P)
(n) an old couple/(P)
603
aid
扶養
扶助
ふよう
ふじょ
(n,vs) support/maintenance/(P)
(n,vs) aid/help/assistance/support/(P)

1: eat

Old Chinese: *mə-lək

Middle Chinese: zyik

2: feed (v.)

Old Chinese: *s-m-lək-s

Middle Chinese: ziH

604
ショク、ジキ
く-う、く-らう、た-べる
eat; meal
食品
食欲
食堂
昼食
しょくひん
しょくよく
じきどう
ちゅうじき
(n) commodity/foodstuff/(P)
(n) appetite (for food)/(P)
(n) (Buddh) dining hall (at a temple)
(n) (1) lunch/midday meal/(2) food served at a tea party (tea ceremony)
605
ショク
かざ-る
decorate
装飾
装飾品
そうしょく
そうしょくひん
(n,vs) ornament/(P)
(n) ornament/decoration

elephant

Old Chinese: *s.[d]aŋʔ

Middle Chinese: zjangX

606
ゾウ(ザウ)
statue
想像力
仏像
そうぞうりょく
ぶつぞう
(n) (power of) imagination
(n) Buddhist image (statue)/(P)
607
ゾウ(ザウ)、ショウ(シャウ)
elephant
有象無象
アフリカ象
対象
現象
うぞうむぞう
アフリカぞう
たいしょう
げんしょう
(n) mob/the masses/rabble/riffraff
(n) African elephant
(n) target/object (of worship, study, etc.)/subject (of taxation, etc.)/(P)
(n) phenomenon/(P)

only

Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)

Middle Chinese: ywij

608
ユイ、イ(ヰ)
solely
唯一
唯我独尊
唯唯諾諾
ゆいいつ
ゆいがどくそん
いいだくだく
(adj-no,adv) only/sole/unique/(P)
(n) self-conceit/self-centeredness/vainglory
(uK) (adj-t,adv-to) quite willingly/readily/with acquiescence
609
イ(ヰ)
fiber
維持
繊維
いじ
せんい
(n,vs) maintenance/preservation/improvement/(P)
(n) fibre/fiber/textile/(P)

officer; gentleman

Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ

Middle Chinese: dzriX

610
ジ、シ
つか-える
do
給仕
仕様
奉仕
きゅうじ
しよう
ほうし
(n,vs) office boy (girl)/page/waiter
(n) (1) way/method/means/resource/remedy/(2) (technical) specification/(P)
(n,vs) attendance/service/ministry/church work/(P)
611
gentleman
同士
博士
どうし
はくし
(n,n-suf) fellow/mutual/companion/comrade/bonding/(P)
(n,n-suf) (1) doctorate/PhD/Dr (as a title)/(n) (2) expert/learned person/(P)

go to

Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s

Middle Chinese: dzjuwH

612
シュウ(シウ)、ジュ
つ-く、つ-ける
concerning
就職
就任
成就
大願成就
しゅうしょく
しゅうにん
じょうじゅ
たいがんじょうじゅ
(n,vs) finding employment/inauguration/(P)
(n,vs) inauguration/assumption of office/(P)
(n,vs) fulfillment/fulfilment/realization/realisation/completion/(P)
(n,vs) realization of a great ambition/realisation of a great ambition
613
シュウ(シウ)
け-る
kick
蹴球
一蹴
しゅうきゅう
いっしゅう
(n) football/soccer
(n,vs) kick/rejection

metal, bronze

Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m

Middle Chinese: kim

614
コン、キン
かな*、かね
gold
黄金
金色
料金
金融
おうごん
こんじき
りょうきん
きんゆう
(n,adj-no) gold/(P)
(n) golden (colour, color)/(P)
(n) fee/charge/fare/(P)
(n) financing/credit transacting/loaning of money/circulation of money/(P)
615
キン
にしき
brocade
錦上
錦上添花
きんじょう
きんじょうてんか
(n) (abbr) crowning beauty with even greater glory
(n) adding a crowning touch of beauty (to)/giving added luster (to)/crowning beauty (honor, grace) with even greater glory

1: accumulate

Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ

Middle Chinese: tshom

2: 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven

Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m

Middle Chinese: tsrhim

3: three

Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)

Middle Chinese: sam

4: the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)

Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)

Middle Chinese: srim

616
サン
まい-る
participate
参加者
参照
さんかしゃ
さんしょう
(n) participant/entrant/(P)
(n,vs) reference/bibliographical reference/consultation/browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer)/(P)
617
サン、ザン
みじ-め
wretched
悲惨
惨敗
惨殺
無惨
ひさん
さんぱい
ざんさつ
むざん
(adj-na) disastrous/tragic/miserable/wretched/pitiful/(P)
(n,vs) ignominious defeat/crushing failure/utterly beaten/overwhelming defeat/(P)
(n,vs) slaughter/massacre
(adj-na,n) cruelty/atrocity/cold-bloodedness/tragedy/misery

flow (v.)

Old Chinese: *ru

Middle Chinese: ljuw

618
リュウ(リウ)、ル
なが-す、なが-れる
stream
流出
流行
流浪
流刑
りゅうしゅつ
りゅうこう
るろう
るけい
(n,vs) (1) discharge/outward flow/efflux/effluence/(2) leak of (private) information or pictures/(P)
(n,vs,adj-no) fashion/fad/vogue/craze/(P)
(n,vs) vagrancy/wandering/nomadism/(P)
(n,vs) exile/deportation
619
リュウ(リウ)
sulphur
硫化
硫化水素
りゅうか
りゅうかすいそ
(n,vs) sulfuration/sulphuration
(n) hydrogen sulphide/hydrogen sulfide/sulphuretted hydrogen/sulfuretted hydrogen

1: violent

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤawk-s

Middle Chinese: bawH

2: expose to sun

Old Chinese: *m-pˤawk

Middle Chinese: buwk

620
ボウ、バク
あば-く、あば-れる
outburst
暴力
暴落
暴露
暴露戦術
ぼうりょく
ぼうらく
ばくろ
ばくろせんじゅつ
(n) violence/mayhem/(P)
(n,vs) slump/crash/heavy fall/decline/(P)
(n,vs) disclosure/exposure/revelation/(P)
(n) exposure tactics/muckraking tactics
621
バク
explode
爆発
原爆
ばくはつ
げんばく
(n,vs) explosion/detonation/eruption/(P)
(n) (abbr) atomic bomb/A-bomb/(P)

borrow

Old Chinese: *Cə.kˤraʔ

Middle Chinese: kaeX

622
ケ、カ
かり
temporary
仮名
仮病
仮面
仮想
けみょう
けびょう
かめん
かそう
(ok) (n) alias/pseudonym/pen name/nom de plume
(n) feigned illness
(n) (1) mask/(2) disguise/(P)
(n,vs) imagination/supposition/virtual/potential (enemy)/(P)
623
ひま
spare time
休暇
有給休暇
きゅうか
ゆうきゅうきゅうか
(n) holiday/day off/furlough/(P)
(n) paid vacation

1: village; district

Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ

Middle Chinese: xjang

2: feast

Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ

Middle Chinese: xjangX

3: to face

Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s

Middle Chinese: xjangH

624
キョウ(キャウ)、ゴウ(ガウ)
home town
故郷
郷土
水郷
近郷
こきょう
きょうど
すいごう
きんごう
(n) home town/birthplace/old village/historic village/native place/one's old home/(P)
(n) native place/birth-place/one's old home/(P)
(n) beautiful riverside location
(n) neighboring districts/neighbouring districts/countryside
625
キョウ(キャウ)
ひび-く
echo
音響
反響
おんきょう
はんきょう
(n) sound/noise/echo/acoustic(s)/(P)
(n,vs) echo/reverberation/repercussion/reaction/influence/(P)

1: keep, guard

Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ

Middle Chinese: syuwX

2: territory in somebody's guard, fief

Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s

Middle Chinese: syuwH

626
シュ、ス
まも-る、も-り
protect
守備
保守
留守番
留守
しゅび
ほしゅ
るすばん
るす
(n,vs) defense/defence/(P)
(n,vs) maintenance/conservation/(P)
(n,vs) (1) care-taking/house-sitting/house-watching/(2) caretaker/house-sitter/(P)
(n,vs) (1) absence/being away from home/(2) house-sitting/house-sitter/(3) being left unattended to (of one's studies, etc.)/neglecting/(P)
627
シュ
か-り、か-る
hunt
狩猟
狩猟採集民
しゅりょう
しゅりょうさいしゅうみん
(n,vs) hunting/(P)
(n) hunters and gatherers

sand

Old Chinese: *sˤraj

Middle Chinese: srae

628
sand
無沙汰
ご無沙汰
ぶさた
ごぶさた
(n) not writing or contacting for a while/neglecting (failing) to write (call, visit, etc.)/long silence
(n,vs) not writing or contacting for a while/neglecting (failing) to write (call, visit, etc.)/long silence
629
サ、シャ
すな
sand
砂糖
砂漠
土砂
砂利
さとう
さばく
どしゃ
じゃり
(n) sugar/(P)
(n) desert/(P)
(n) earth and sand/(P)
(n) (1) gravel/ballast/pebbles/(2) (col) child/rugrat/ankle-biter/(P)

(place and family name)

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak

Middle Chinese: khjaek

630
キャク
instead
売却
却下
ばいきゃく
きゃっか
(n,vs) sale/disposal by sale/(P)
(n,vs) rejection/dismissal/(P)
631
キャク、キャ
あし
leg
脚本
三脚
脚半
雲水行脚
きゃくほん
さんきゃく
きゃはん
うんすいあんぎゃ
(n) script/screenplay/scenario/(P)
(n,adj-no) tripod/three legs
(n) gaiters/leggings
(n) itinerant monk being on pilgrimages to many lands

fish (n.)

Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a

Middle Chinese: ngjo

632
リョウ(レフ)、ギョ
fishing
漁師
大漁
漁業
漁船
りょうし
たいりょう
ぎょぎょう
ぎょせん
(n) (sens) fisherman/(P)
(n) big catch
(n) fishing (industry)/(P)
(n) fishing boat/(P)
633
ギョ
うお、さかな
fish
金魚
熱帯魚
きんぎょ
ねったいぎょ
(n) goldfish/(P)
(n) tropical fish/(P)

tablet, records

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek

Middle Chinese: tsrheak

634
サク、サツ
counter for books
短冊
冊立
一冊
別冊
たんざく
さくりつ
いっさつ
べっさつ
(n) long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written (vertically)
(n,vs) imperial investiture
(n) one copy (e.g. book)
(n) separate volume/extra issue/supplement/(P)
635
サク
fence
鉄柵
柵状組織
てっさく
さくじょうそしき
(n) iron railing or fence
(n) palisade layer

end, in the end

Old Chinese: *[k]raŋʔ-s

Middle Chinese: kjaengH

636
キョウ(キャウ)、ケイ
さかい
boundary
心境
国境
境内
しんきょう
こっきょう
けいだい
(n) mental state/(P)
(n) national or state border/(P)
(n) compound/grounds/(P)
637
キョウ(キャウ)
かがみ
mirror
望遠鏡
双眼鏡
ぼうえんきょう
そうがんきょう
(n) telescope/(P)
(n) binoculars/field glasses/(P)

1: measure (v.)

Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ

Middle Chinese: ljang

2: measure (n.)

Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s

Middle Chinese: ljangH

638
リョウ(リャウ)、ロウ
かて
provisions
食糧
食糧不足
兵糧
兵糧米
しょくりょう
しょくりょうふそく
ひょうろう
ひょうろうまい
(n) provisions/rations/food supply/(P)
(n) food shortage
(n) (army) provisions/food/(P)
(n) army rice
639
リョウ(リャウ)
はか-る
quantity
減量
重量
げんりょう
じゅうりょう
(n,vs) loss in quantity/(P)
(n) (1) weight/(2) heavyweight boxer/(P)

hair

Old Chinese: *C.mˤaw

Middle Chinese: maw

640
モウ
hair
脱毛
発毛
だつもう
はつもう
(n,vs) hair removal
(n) new hair growth
641
モウ、コウ(カウ)
decrease
消耗
消耗品
心神耗弱
減耗
しょうもう
しょうもうひん
しんしんこうじゃく
げんこう
(n,vs) exhaustion/consumption/waste/dissipation/(P)
(n) consumable goods
(n) mental retardation/unsound mind
(n,vs) natural decrease